I’ve had several occasions where I needed to use variables in a file called using get_template_part, like one of the files in the template-parts folder in _s. It took a while for me to find the proper answer, so I’m documenting it here. Just before you use get_template_part(), add set_query_var(). As the arguments, add the name of the variable, then the value. Like:
set_query_var('user_id', $user_id);
In the template file, you can then use $user_id as you would any other variable.